Uninzi lwabanini-zilwanyane bondla izilwanyana zabo ezizifuyo ngokurhweba ngokutya.Kuba ukutya kwezilwanyana ezithengiswayo kuneengenelo zeZondlo eziBanzi kunye nezityebileyo, ukutya okulula kunye nokunye.Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuSebenza kunye noMqulatho waManzi, Ukutya kwezilwanyana kunokuhlulwa kukutya kwezilwanyana ezomileyo, ukutya okufumileyo okune-Semi-Moist, kunye noKutya kweSilo sasekhaya;Ngokwe-Texture, Ukutya Kwezilwanyana Kunokwahlulwa kuKutya okuDityanisiweyo, ukutya okuthambileyo okumanzi, kunye nokutya okomileyo.Ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kweSilo-qabane, nokuba ukutya okutsha okunikezelwa kwiSilo-qabane kunokutya okunesondlo kwaye kuyahlangabezana nezidingo.
Ukutya Kwezilwanyana Ezifuywayo Komileyo Kuqulathe i-10% ukuya kwi-12% yamanzi.Ukutya okomileyo kukwabandakanya ukutya komgubo ocolekileyo, ukutya kwegranule, ukutya okugayiweyo, ukutya okukhutshiweyo okukhutshiweyo kunye nokutya okubhakiweyo, apho eyona ixhaphakileyo kwaye idumileyo kukutya okukhutshiweyo.Ukutya kwezilwanyana ezomileyo kuqulethwe ikakhulu ziiNkozo, iiMveliso eziziinkozo, iMveliso yeSoy, iMveliso yeZilwanyana, iMveliso yeZilwanyana (kubandakanywa nemveliso yobisi), iFat, iiVithamini kunye neeMinerali.Ukutya kwekati eyomileyo kudla ngokukhutshwa.Iikati azinalo i-Mortars, ngoko ke iipellets zokutya zekati kufuneka zibunjwe kwaye zilinganiswe ngokusikwa ngama-incisors kunokuba zigaye nge-molars, kwaye iNkqubo ye-Extrusion ifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo ukufezekisa le mfuno ikhethekileyo (i-Rokey kunye ne-Huber, i-1994) (Nrc 2006).
Ukutya okuPuffed Dry
01: Umgaqo-siseko woKwandiswa kwe-Extrusion
Inkqubo yokuPuffing kukuxuba iiPowders ezahlukeneyo ngokweFomula eyiliweyo, emva koko ungene kwi-Steam Conditioning, kwaye emva koko ukhuphele phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu emva kokuguga, emva koko usweleke ekuphumeni kwegumbi lokukhupha ngequbuliso lehla kubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kubangele. Amacandelo eMveliso ukuba Andise ngokukhawuleza.Kwaye Sika kwimilo efunekayo ye-Three-Dimensional ngumsiki.
Inkqubo yokuPuffing inokwahlulwa ibeyi-Dry Puffing kunye ne-Wet Puffing ngokweSixa samanzi esongeziweyo;Ngokomgaqo wokuSebenza, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-Extrusion Puffing kunye ne-Gas Hot-Press Puffing.I-Extrusion kunye ne-Puffing yiNkqubo yokuBambisana kunye neZixhobo zokuFundisa, ukuNxibelela ngoxinzelelo oluqhubekayo, ukuNcitshiswa koxinzelelo ngesiquphe, kunye nokwandiswa komthamo.
Okwangoku, uninzi lokutya kwezinja ezithengiswa kwiMarike kuVeliswa ngokuKhutshwa kunye nokuPhufa.I-Extrusion kunye ne-Puffing Process ingenza ukuba isitatshi ekutyeni sifikelele kwiNqanaba eliPhezulu elifanelekileyo leGelatinization, ukuze kuphuculwe i-Digestibility ye-Starch ngezilwanyana ezifuywayo (i-Mercier kunye ne-Feillit, i-1975) (i-Nrc 2006).
02: Inkqubo ye-Extrusion kunye ne-Puffing
Indlela yeSixokelelwano esiQhelekileyo sale mihla sokukhupha iiPowders ngokuFaka umphunga kunye namanzi ukucaphuka kunye nokucaphuka, ukuze izinto zithambise, isitatshi sifakwe iGelatin, kwaye iprotheyini iphinde yenziwe.KwiNkqubo yeMveliso yokutya kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo, iSlurry yenyama, iMolasses kunye nezinye izinto ngamanye amaxesha zongezwa ukuze kuphuculwe iPalatability.
I-Conditioner Sesona siXhobo sokuXhobisa esiQhelekileyo soMveliso wePellet Feed.I-Steam Conditioning Yeyona nto iBalulekileyo kwiNkqubo yokuPelleting, kwaye isixa somphunga esongeziweyo sixhomekeke kuMxholo we-Fied Bonding Water kunye noHlobo lokutya.Xa kufakwa imeko, kuyafuneka ukuba iMathiriyeli kunye nomphunga wamanzi ube nexesha elaneleyo lokuhlala kwi-conditioner, ukuze amanzi angene ngokupheleleyo kwiMathiriyeli.Ukuba ixesha lifutshane kakhulu, Amanzi akakwazi ukungena kwiMathiriyeli, kodwa ahlala kuphela kumphezulu ngendlela yaManzi asimahla.Ayikukhuthazi ukuSebenza kweenkqubo ezilandelayo.
Ukulungiswa komphunga kunenani lezinto eziluncedo:
①Nciphisa iFriction kunye nokwandisa uBomi bokuCofa ifilimu.Xa ubushushu, Amanzi anokungena kwiMathiriyeli, kwaye Amanzi angasetyenziswa njengeLubricant yokunciphisa ukungqubana phakathi kwezinto kunye nefilimu ecinezelayo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa ilahleko yeFilimu eCofayo kunye nokwandisa uBomi beNkonzo.
② Ukuphucula iSakhono seMveliso.Ukuba uMxholo wokufuma uphantsi kakhulu ngexesha le-Extrusion, i-Viscosity phakathi kwezinto ezihlukeneyo zezinto eziphathekayo ziya kuba zimbi, kwaye ukukwazi ukubunjwa kuya kuba kubi.Ukwandisa umxholo wokufuma kunokunyusa ngokuphawulekayo amandla oMveliso weePellets, kwaye xa i-Effect ilungile, amandla okuvelisa anokunyuswa nge-30%.
③ Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa koMbane.Xa umxholo wokufuma uphantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okugqithiswa okulandelayo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zinyuka, kunye nenani leMisebenzi linokucuthwa xa ixabiso elifanayo lokutya liveliswa emva kwe-Steam Conditioning, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.
④ Phucula uMgangatho weNcam.Ukulawula isixa soMphunga waManzi oFakelwe ngokweziMathiriyeli ezikrwada ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokufudumeza kunokuphucula uMgangatho weeGranules.
⑤ Ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokutya.Ngexesha leNkqubo yokuLungiswa koMphunga, ubushushu obuphezulu boMphunga obongeziweyo bunokubulala iiMicroorganisms ezahlukeneyo zePathogenic eziqulethwe kwiiMathiriyeli ezohlukeneyo zokutya kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lokutya.
IiPowders ezahlukeneyo emva kokulungiswa zithunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiGumbi le-Extruder ye-Extruder, kunye nomphunga owongezelelweyo, amanzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-Grain Coarse Powder Slurry, i-Meat Slurry, njl.I-Extrusion Chamber yiNxalenye engundoqo yeNkqubo ye-Extrusion, kwaye uninzi lweMisebenzi yeNkqubo iyonke igqityezelwe yile nxalenye.Iqulathe Screw, Sleeve and Die etc. Eli candelo lizakugqiba ukuba i-Extruder iya kuba sisikruru esiNye okanye iwele na, ukuba ineeshafu ezimbini ezi parallel iya kuba sisi Screw Extruder iwele, ukuba inesikruru esinye. Extruder.Umsebenzi ongundoqo weli candelo kukuxuba kunye nokupheka izithako, kwaye inokuzaliswa ngamanzi okanye igesi ngokweyona meko.Igumbi le-Extrusion lahlulwe laba licandelo lokutyisa, icandelo lokuxuba kunye nenxalenye yokupheka.Icandelo lokuxuba lisango lokungena apho iPowder evuthayo ingena kwi-Extrusion Chamber, kwaye ukuxinwa kwezinto eziluhlaza kuphantsi kakhulu ngeli xesha;Xa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweCandelo lokuxuba lusanda, ukuxinwa kwezinto eziluhlaza nako kukhula ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye iqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwiCandelo lokupheka linyuka ngokukhawuleza.Ulwakhiwo lweMpathi ekrwada Yaqalisa Ukutshintsha.Ukukhuhlana phakathi kwePowder kunye nodonga lomphanda, iScrew, kunye nePowder iya ikhula ngokukhula, kwaye iiPowders ezahlukeneyo ziyaphekwa kwaye zikhule phantsi kweempembelelo ezidityanisiweyo zokukhuhlana, amandla okucheba kunye nokufudumeza.Iqondo lobushushu kwiGumbi le-Extrusion linokwenza iGelatinize uninzi lwesitatshi kwaye lungasebenzi uninzi lweeMicroorganisms zePathogenic.
Abanye abavelisi bokutya kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo ngoku bongeza i-Meat Slurry kwiNkqubo ye-Extrusion, evumela iNyama eNtsha ukuba isetyenziswe kwiiresiphi endaweni yenyama eyomileyo yodwa.Ngenxa yoMxholo oPhezulu wokufuma kwiNyama eNganyangwanga, oku kuvumela ukuNyuswa komyinge weMpahla yeZilwanyana kwiNdawo yokuFundisa.Ukonyusa umxholo weNyama eNtsha ubuncinci kunika abantu ukuziva okukumgangatho ophezulu.
Inkqubo Yokukhupha Inezinto ezininzi ezilungileyo:
①Iqondo lobushushu eliPhezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu oluveliswe kwiNkqubo yokuVelisa iNtsholongwane inokuFaka inzala;
② Inokonyusa kakhulu iDegree yoKwandiswa kwesitatshi.Kukho ubungqina bokuba iNkqubo yokuKhulisa ingenza ukuba iDegree yoLwandiso lwesitatshi ifikelele ngaphezulu kwe-90%, ngoko ke ukugaywa kwesitatshi ngezilwanyana zasekhaya nako kuphuculwe kakhulu;
③ Iiprotheyini ezahlukeneyo kwiMathiriyeli ekrwada ziXhotyelwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukugaywa kweprotheyini;
④ Ukuphelisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichasene nesondlo kwiiMpahla zokutyisa, ezifana ne-Antitrypsin kwiimbotyi zesoya.
Kukho ukufa ekuphumeni kwe-Extruder, kwaye xa izinto ezikrwada ezongezelelweyo zidlula kwi-Die, iVolume iyanda ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuhla ngesiquphe kobushushu kunye noxinzelelo.Ngokutshintsha i-Die Holes, abavelisi bokutya kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo banokuvelisa ukutya kwesilwanyana kwiiNdibaniselwano ezininzi zeeMilo, ubukhulu kunye nemibala.Esi Sakhono sokuDibanisa sibaluleke kakhulu njengoko iMakethi iguquka, kodwa akukho nto ingako enokutshintsha ngokwemigaqo yokudibana nokufaneleka kokutya kokutya kwesilwanyana.
Imveliso ePuffed isikwa kwiiGranules zobude obuthile ngeRotary Cutter.I-Cutter ixhotyiswe ngeeblades ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-6.Ukuze ulungelelanise isantya saso sokujikeleza, umsiki udla ngokuqhutywa yiMoto encinci yodwa.
I-Fat Content of Dry Extruded Pet Food ihluka ukusuka kwi-6% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-25%.Nangona kunjalo, iNqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu alinakongezwa kwiNkqubo ye-Extrusion, kuba iqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiNkqubo ye-Extrusion iyakuchaphazela i-Unsaturated Fatty Acids, kwaye iphinde ichaphazele i-Extrusion kunye nokuBunjwa kokutya.Ke ngoko, indlela yokutshiza amanqatha ngaphezulu komphezulu emva kokufunxa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukunyusa umxholo wamanqatha kwimveliso.Amanqatha ashushu atshizwe kuMgangatho wokuTya okuFuthisiweyo afunxwa ngokulula.Isixa se-Fuel Injection sinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokuhlengahlengisa isantya soMveliso kunye nesantya sokongeza amanqatha, kodwa le ndlela ichaphazeleka kwiimpazamo ezinkulu.Kutshanje, iNdlela yoLawulo enokuLungisa uMyinge wokongezwa kwamafutha sele iphuhlisiwe.Le nkqubo ibandakanya iSpeed Regulation System kunye nePositive Pressure Injection Oil Pump System, Iphutha layo lingaphakathi kwe-10%.Xa utshiza, kuyafuneka ukuba amanqatha kufuneka afikelele ngaphezu kwe-5%, kungenjalo ayinakutshizwa ngokulinganayo.Kuqhelekile ukutshiza iProtein Digests kunye/okanye iiflavour kumphezulu woKutya kwesilwanyana sasekhaya ukuqinisa ukwamkelwa kokutya (Corbin, 2000) (Nrc2006).
Emva kokuba i-Extrusion kunye ne-Puffing igqityiwe, kufuneka yomiswe ukuze ikhuphe umphunga kunye namanzi afakwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha.Ngokubanzi, ukufuma ekutyeni kunokufikelela kwi-22% ukuya kwi-28% ngexesha lokucubungula, kwaye emva kokulungiswa, kufuneka komiswe ukwenza ukufuma kufikelele kwi-10% ukuya kwi-12% ukuziqhelanisa neShelf Life yeMveliso.Inkqubo Yokomisa Ngokuqhelekileyo igqityezelwa ngosomisi oqhubekayo kunye ne-Cooler eyahlukileyo okanye iNdibaniselwano ye-Dryer kunye ne-Cooler.Ngaphandle Kokomisa Okufanelekileyo, Ukutya Kwezilwanyana Okugqithisiweyo Kunokuhamba Kubi, Ngeentyantyambo zeMicrobial kunye nokuKhula kweFungal kwiNqanaba eliNcedisayo.Uninzi lwezi Microorganisms zingenza iikati kunye nezinja zigule, umzekelo, nokuba nexabiso elincinci leetyhefu eziveliswe ngumbumba kwingxowa yokutya kwezinja zinokuchaphazela izinja.Umlinganiselo osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo woMyinge waManzi aMahala kukutya kwesilwanyana sasekhaya siSalathiso soMsebenzi waManzi, ochazwa njengoLingano lweReyibhile yoMbane waManzi eNgingqi kunye noxinzelelo lomphunga kumphezulu wokutya kwesilwanyana sasekhaya kwiqondo lobushushu obufanayo.Ngokubanzi, Iintsholongwane ezininzi azikwazi kukhula ukuba umsebenzi wamanzi ungaphantsi kune-0.91.Ukuba uMsebenzi waManzi ungaphantsi kwe-0.80, iiMolds ezininzi aziyi kukwazi ukukhula.
Kubaluleke Kakhulu Ukulawula Ubumanzi beMveliso Ngexesha Lokomisa Ukutya Kwezilwanyana.Umzekelo, xa ukufuma kwemveliso yomile ukusuka kwi-25% ukuya kwi-10%, i-200kg yamanzi kufuneka iguqulwe ukuze ivelise i-1000kg yokutya okomileyo, kwaye xa ukufuma komile ukusuka kwi-25% ukuya kwi-12%, kuyafuneka ukuvelisa i-1000kg. Ukutya Kokomisa Ukutya Kuphela Kufuna Ukuphunga I-173kg Yamanzi.Uninzi lokutya kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo zomiswa kwiSetyhula zokomisa i-Conveyor.
03: Izinto eziluncedo zoKutya okuFuthiweyo okuNgqongileyo
Ukongeza kwizinto eziluncedo zokuPalatability, ukutya kwesilwanyana esikhukhumeleyo kukwanothotho lwezinye izinto eziluncedo:
①Ubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukufuma okuPhezulu kunye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kwinkqubo yokufunxa kokutya kunokonyusa kakhulu iGelatinization yeSitatshi kukutya, ukuguqula iprotheyini ekuyo, kwaye utshabalalise iLipase eveliswe ziintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye ukuya. Yenza amanqatha azinze ngakumbi.Kuyanceda Ukuphucula ukugaywa kwezilwanyana kunye nenqanaba lokuSetyenziswa kokutya.
②Ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwemathiriyeli ekrwada kwiGumbi lokuXhobisa linokubulala iintlobo ngeentlobo zeMicroorganisms zePathogenic eziqulathwe kuMathiriyeli ekrwada, ukuze Ukutya kuhlangane neeMfuno eziBalulekileyo zoCoceko kwaye kuthintelwe izifo ezahlukeneyo zokugaya ukutya ezibangelwa kukutya ukutya.
③I-Extrusion kunye ne-Puffing inokuvelisa iimveliso zeGranular zeeMilo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokutya kwekati kunokuveliswa ngokwemo yentlanzi, ukutya kwenja kunokuveliswa kwiMeko yeThambo eliNcinci, elinokuphucula umnqweno wokutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya.
④ Ukugaywa kokutya kunokuphuculwa ngokuvuthuza, kwaye iPalatability kunye nevumba lokutya linokuphuculwa, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwizinja eziselula kunye neekati ezingamalungu azo okwetyisa angekaphuhliswa.
⑤Isiqulatho saManzi se-Dry Extruded Pellet Feed yi-10%-12% kuphela, enokuthi igcinwe ixesha elide ngaphandle kokubangela ukubola.
04: Isiphumo sokuNxulumana kwiZondlo
Inkqubo Yokukhupha Ukutya Kwezilwanyana Ezifuywayo Inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiSidlo seZondlo ezahlukeneyo, Ingakumbi istatshi, iprotheyini, iFat, kunye neeVithamini.
Isitashi sifumana iGelatinization Phantsi kwesenzo esiDityanisiweyo soBubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nokufuma ngexesha lokufudumeza kunye nokukhupha.Inkqubo Ekhethekileyo Yeyokuba Isitatshi EsikuMxube Womgubo Siqala Ukufunxa Amanzi kwaye Sinyibilike Kwi-State Conditioning yomphunga, kwaye Siphulukane noBume beCrystal bokuqala.Ngexesha Lenkqubo Yokukhupha, Ngokunyuka Okungaphezulu Kokufuma, Ubushushu, kunye Noxinzelelo, Isiphumo Sokudumba Kwesitatshi Siqiniswa Ngokungakumbi, Kwaye Kwinqanaba elithile, IGranules zesitatshi ziQala ukuQhubuluka, kwaye ngeli xesha, istatshi siQala ukuGelatin.Xa i-material eyongeziweyo ikhutshiwe ngaphandle kokufa, kuba uxinzelelo lwehla ngequbuliso ukuya kuxinzelelo lwe-Atmospheric, i-starch granules igqabhuka kabukhali, kunye nenqanaba le-gelatinization nalo linyuka kabukhali.Iqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo kwiNkqubo yokuNxibelela ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iDigri yeGelatinization yesitatshi.UMercier Et Al.(1975) Kwafunyaniswa ukuba xa uMqulatho waManzi wawungama-25%, Ubushushu bokwandiswa kwe-Optimum ye-Cornstarch yayingu-170-200oc.Ngaphakathi kolu luhlu, i-In Vitro Digestibility yesitatshi emva kweGelatinization inokufikelela kuma-80%.Xa kuthelekiswa noDigestibility Phambi koKwandiswa (18%) Kunyuke Kakhulu nge-18%.Chiang Et Al.(1977) Kwafunyaniswa Ukuba iDegree yeStatshi Gelatinization Yonyukile ngokunyuka kweqondo lobushushu kuluhlu lwe 65-110oc, Kodwa iDegree yesitatshi seGelatinization yehlile ngokunyuka kwesantya sokutyisa.
Inkqubo ye-Steam Conditioning kunye ne-Extrusion nayo inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-Digestibility yeProtheyini, kwaye iNdlela Jikelele kukwenza iProtheyini iTshintsho kumkhombandlela oNcedisayo ekugayweni kwezilwanyana.Phantsi kwesenzo sokuLungiswa komphunga kunye noxinzelelo lweMechanical, iProtheyini iXhoselwe ukwenza iiGranules, kwaye ukunyibilika kwamanzi kucuthiwe.Okuphezulu koMxholo weProtheyini, kokukhona ukunyibilika kwamanzi kuncipha.
IGelatinization yeSitatshi Ikwanempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekunyibilikeni kwamanzi kweProtein.Isitashi seGelatinized Senza iSakhiwo sokuSonga iMembrane malunga neProtheyini, eKhokelela eKuhleni kweProtheyini yokunyibilika kwamanzi.
Emva kokuba iProtein yandisiwe, uLwakhiwo lwayo luyatshintsha, kwaye ubume bayo be-quaternary buthotywa kwisiGaba esiPhezulu okanye nakwiSakhiwo seSekondari, esinciphisa kakhulu ixesha le-Hydrolysis yeProtheyini ngexesha lokugaya.Nangona kunjalo, i-Glutamic Acid okanye i-Aspartic Acid Ngaphakathi kwiProtheyini iya kusabela ngeLysine, Eyehlisa inqanaba lokuSetyenziswa kweLysine.Intshukumo ye-Maillard phakathi kweQela le-ε-Amino le-Amino Acids kunye neeSwekile kumaqondo obushushu aPhakamileyo ikwaNxisa ukuDigestibility kweeProtheyini.Izinto ezichasene neZondlo kwiMathiriyeli ekrwada, ezinje ngeAntitrypsin, zikwatshatyalaliswa xa zishushubezwa, eziphucula ukugaywa kweprotheyini zizilwanyana ezisuka komnye umba.
Ngethuba leNkqubo yonke yeMveliso, iProtein Content in the Food ayitshintshi ngokusisiseko, kwaye i-Potency ye-Amino Acids ayitshintshi ngokuphawulekayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-02-2023